WOUNDS

The following review will describe the available literature and outline the concept and practice of off-label prescribing. Phenytoin, misoprostol, and nifedipine will be critically reviewed with emphasis on their functional components, mechanisms of action, and patient considerations regarding wound healing. Recipes of off-label medications also will be offered. WOUNDS 2010;22(4):78–86 From Shoe String Podiatry, Ormond Beach, Florida Address correspondence to: Robert G. Smith, DPM, MSc, RPh, CPed Shoe String Podiatry 723 Lucerne Cir. Ormond Beach, FL 32174 Phone: 386-673-9933 Email: Robert.Smith@fhmmc.org REVIEW DO N OT R EP RO DU CE


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remove exudate and infectious materials, reduce edema, and provide a better wound-healing environment. These modes of therapy are used to expedite epithelial migration to cover the wound. Unfortunately, these methods require a lot of time, cover the wound with scar tissue, and the results remain to be improved. It is worth examining the current situation more critically to ascertain which method or combination of methods can or cannot improve treatment results.
In the 1990s, skin expansion was achieved using external skin expanders. This technique has been shown to be simple to use and to successfully close wounds over most of the body. Two main devices were available, the Sure-closure and the Proxiderm. The former discontinued activities after a short while, but the Proxiderm (Progressive Surgical Products, Westbury, NY; [ Figure 1]) is presently available. Both authors during the past 12 years have closed more than 650 chronic or dehisced wounds following a simple philosophy: control infection, and close the wound with a minimally invasive surgical technique that includes the use of an external tissue expansion wound closure device. This approach has produced the best results and will serve as the basis of this overview.
At the outset, it should be noted that patients with vascular issues are not included in this overview. These cases require referral to a vascular service for evaluation and treatment.

Methods
Four case reports are used to illustrate the wound closure technique. The wounds were rendered as clean as possible, and inflammation and infection were controlled. In many chronic wounds the skin inverts and is adheres to underlying structures in an effort to close the wound. In these instances the edges of the wound are either sharply or gently undermined, the latter usually by finger dissection. In a subacute wound this maneuver may not be necessary. In lower limb lesions non-weight bearing is essential for heel and plantar ulcers. A partial ostectomy of the non-weight bearing calcaneus is recommended to facilitate closure of heel ulcers. The closure of transmetatarsal or a below the knee amputations may require fashioning the wound into a fishmouth shape to facilitate closure.
Infection. The prevention of infection or its eradication is essential for a successful result. Infected wounds should not be closed. The latter will entrap infected material, cause dehiscence, and result in debridement and a larger open wound. The causes of persistent discharge or the presence of inflammation must be ascertained and treated prior to wound closure. When infection and inflammation are controlled, the wound is ready for closure.

Case Reports
Case 1. A 64-year-old hospitalized patient developed a sacral pressure ulcer measuring 8.6 cm x 9.6 cm, which was treated conservatively for 3 months (Figures 2A-H). The patient was transferred to a nursing home and treated for 3 months without any improvement. After debridement of the necrotic tissue and wound cleansing, a series of paired 2-0 nylon sutures are placed 2 cm-3 cm from the wound margins and 2 cm apart, the ends are left 7 cm long. One suture of each pair is tied and passed through rubber booties; the adjacent suture is left untied secured by Steristrips and tied at the first dressing change. The tied sutures decrease the size of the wound and assist in obliteration of dead space. Proxiderms are applied approximately 2 cm-3 cm apart and the long ends of the previously tied sutures are looped around the expanders and tied to secure the expanders to the patent. Combines are placed under the ends, between, on the side, and over the expanders. Elastoplast and/or adhesive tape is placed over the combines and secured to the patient about 5 cm from the wound margins. The patient was placed on an air flotation bed. Sacral pressure ulcers necessitate daily evaluation to prevent fecal soiling of the wound and any pressure necrosis of skin by the wound care devices. On postoperative day 1, the wound was cleansed, untied sutures were tied, and the wound was irrigated. An additional application of expanders was indicated. This process of suture and expander application should be repeated until there is an abundant amount of tensionfree tissue to allow for primary closure by suture. After 6 daily applications of expanders followed by 2 days of

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WOUNDS www.woundsresearch.com finger dissection. In a subacute wound this maneuver may not be necessary. In lower limb lesions non-weight D U P L I C A T E may not be necessary. In lower limb lesions non-weight bearing is essential for heel and plantar ulcers. A partial D U P L I C A T E bearing is essential for heel and plantar ulcers. A partial ostectomy of the non-weight bearing calcaneus is rec-D U P L I C A T E ostectomy of the non-weight bearing calcaneus is rec-D U P L I C A T E and the results remain to be improved. It is worth exam-D U P L I C A T E and the results remain to be improved. It is worth examining the current situation more critically to ascertain D U P L I C A T E ining the current situation more critically to ascertain which method or combination of methods can or cannot D U P L I C A T E which method or combination of methods can or cannot In the 1990s, skin expansion was achieved using

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In the 1990s, skin expansion was achieved using external skin expanders. This technique has been shown D U P L I C A T E external skin expanders. This technique has been shown to be simple to use and to successfully close wounds D U P L I C A T E to be simple to use and to successfully close wounds over most of the body. Two main devices were available, D U P L I C A T E over most of the body. Two main devices were available, the Sure-closure and the Proxiderm. The former discon-

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A 64-year-old hospitalized patient developed a sacral pressure ulcer measuring 8.6 cm x 9.6 cm, which D U P L I C A T E sacral pressure ulcer measuring 8.6 cm x 9.6 cm, which was treated conservatively for 3 months (Figures 2A-H).

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was treated conservatively for 3 months (Figures 2A-H). The patient was transferred to a nursing home and treat-

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The patient was transferred to a nursing home and treated for 3 months without any improvement. After debride-D U P L I C A T E ed for 3 months without any improvement. After debridement of the necrotic tissue and wound cleansing, a series D U P L I C A T E ment of the necrotic tissue and wound cleansing, a series D U P L I C A T E intensive local wound care therapy and irrigation, the skin edges are freshened, and the wound was well vascularised and tension-free. Sutures were used for final closure. A catheter is placed subcutaneously and the wound is irrigated with an antimicrobial solution for approximately 2 days to eliminate anaerobic microorganisms. An additional 1-day application of expanders allows the wound to heal in a tension-free environment.
Case 2. A 21-year-old man sustained a gunshot wound to the left groin, which severed the femoral artery ( Figures 3A-C). After the femoral artery was repaired, a diagnosis of compartment syndrome was made and a fasciotomy was performed to decompress the anterior compartment. Three days later the necrotic and devascularized muscles of the anterior compartment were excised. Appearance post fasciotomy revealed exposed tendon with significant tissue and muscle loss. Initially, the physician used Proxiderm (model PS 460), which were spaced

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Elastoplast and/or adhesive tape. E) Appearance at postoperative day 1.

D U P L I C A T E D U P L I C A T E D U P L I C A T E D U P L I C A T E D U P L I C A T E D U P L I C A T E D U P L I C A T E D U P L I C A T E
A) A 64-year-old patient with a sacral pressure ulcer measuring 8.6 Combines were placed beneath the ends, between, and over the expanders to assist in stabilization and to minimize external pressure. The expanders and padding were wrapped with dry gauze and/or Unna boot or Elastoplast and secured to the patient using adhesive tape. The wound was evaluated every 2 to 3 days. Expanders were replaced as required. Tissue expansion lasted 15 days. The wound went on to heal satisfactorily. The stretch marks disappeared in about 3 months. Case 3. A 51-year-old patient with diabetes presented with a plantar ulcer of 2 years' duration ( Figures 4A-E). After debridement, the wound measured 4.4 cm x 5.6 cm. Proxiderm expanders (models D460 and PS460) were applied. Non-weight bearing with the expanders in place is essential-this is best achieved through complete bed rest, and less optimally, crutches or wheelchair. After 5 days of expansion followed by 2 days of irrigation and 1-day of expansion, the exposed bone was resected and the wound closed by suture. One-week post closure a 2-mm dehiscence was closed by suture. A closed plantar wound will take approximately 2-4 weeks to bear the ambulating weight of a 180 lb-200 lb patient. During this time the patient should offload with crutches or wheel-chair.

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Case 4. A 51-year-old insulin dependent patient was admitted with toe necrosis (Figures 5A-F). Guillotine trans-metatarsal procedure resulted in a defect measuring 9.6 cm x 5.6 cm with exposed bone. Below the knee amputation was recommended. The wound was undermined deeply 1 cm-2 cm above the exposed bone, and a deep subcutaneous thick flap was created before the expanders were applied. A line of sutures were placed and expanders were applied. The wound was closed with sutures after 5 days of expansion and 3 days of irrigation. A full-thickness skin graft was placed on a non-weight bearing area measuring 1.5 cm x 5.2 cm.

Results
Six hundred-fifty (650) dehisced, chronic, and traumatic wounds were closed using external tissue expansion (Table 1). In some lower extremity wounds, a combination of tissue expansion and skin grafts on nonweight bearing areas were used to close the wounds. The average wound closure time was 1-2 weeks. The principles of wound healing are still followed after wound closure to achieve a well-healed, stable wound. To the best of the auhors' knowledge there were 25 failures, the majority of which were lower limb failures due to lack of Schessel and Ger

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WOUNDS www.woundsresearch.com Figure 3. A) A 21-year-old sustained a gunshot wound of the groin, which severed the femoral artery. After the femoral artery was repaired, a fasciotomy was performed. Three days later the necrotic and devascularized muscles of were excised. Appearance post fasciotomy reveals exposed tendon with significant tissue and muscle loss. B) Application of expanders. C) Appearance at 16 days.

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place is essential-this is best achieved through com-

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place is essential-this is best achieved through complete bed rest, and less optimally, crutches or wheelchair.
D O plete bed rest, and less optimally, crutches or wheelchair. were applied. Non-weight bearing with the expanders in place is essential-this is best achieved through com-

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place is essential-this is best achieved through complete bed rest, and less optimally, crutches or wheelchair.

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plete bed rest, and less optimally, crutches or wheelchair.

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A) A 21-year-old sustained a gunshot wound of the groin, which severed the femoral artery. After the femoral

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A) A 21-year-old sustained a gunshot wound of the groin, which severed the femoral artery. After the femoral artery was repaired, a fasciotomy was performed. Three days later the necrotic and devascularized muscles of were D U P L I C A T E artery was repaired, a fasciotomy was performed. Three days later the necrotic and devascularized muscles of were excised. Appearance post fasciotomy reveals exposed tendon with significant tissue and muscle loss. B) Application of D U P L I C A T E excised. Appearance post fasciotomy reveals exposed tendon with significant tissue and muscle loss. B) Application of patient compliance to non-weight bearing instruction. Failure of pressure ulcers were in patients on ventilators, tube feeding, dialysis, or who had an albumin level < 2.5.

Discussion
The authors look back at a more than 100 years of experience in the management of traumatic wounds, lesions of the lower extremities, and pressure ulcers, and are distressed to see the poor results that many patients can expect. As successful treatment modalities are available, the causes for these disappointing results require explanation.
Skin expansion techniques were introduced in the 1950s. An inflatable subcutaneous balloon was used to expand the overlying skin, after which the stretched skin was used to close the wound. However, this procedure was accompanied by such significant complications that is has virtually been abandoned for treatment of chronic wounds. [3][4][5] In the 1990s, skin expansion was achieved through external skin expanders. This technique has been shown to be simple to use and successful for closing wounds over most of the body.
The application of the expanders and minimally invasive techniques allow for dedicated wound care as the wound closes, which stimulates angiogenesis 6 and the production of growth factors (Table 2). 7 The expansion of nearby skin creates additional soft tissue, 8 which fills the wound cavity with subcutaneous padding. Most wounds can be closed via suture in 1 to 2 weeks by a method that is minimally invasive and which can often be carried out under local anesthesia and/or sedation, as required. External tissue expanders are cost effective and medically efficacious. [9][10][11] Good wound care practices and a small, dedicated team are necessary ingredients to achieve optimal results.

Conclusion
As the careers of both authors approach their termination, we have come to the conclusion that the ultimate in wound therapy may well be external tissue expansion or a combination of external skin expansion and the principles of muscle transposition with skin grafts in non-weight bearing areas and/or tissue flaps.

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Failure of pressure ulcers were in patients on ventilators, tube feeding, dialysis, or who had an albumin level < 2.5.

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ing wounds over most of the body.
The application of the expanders and minimally inva-

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The application of the expanders and minimally invasive techniques allow for dedicated wound care as the D U P L I C A T E sive techniques allow for dedicated wound care as the wound closes, which stimulates angiogenesis D U P L I C A T E wound closes, which stimulates angiogenesis production of growth factors (Table 2).

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production of growth factors (Table 2)